Foundations
of Music Education
Timeline
Hebrews (1500-1000 B.C.)
Greeks (1000-300 B.C.) -- change from spirtual to
intellectual
Romans (500 B.C. - 200 A.D.) -- utilitarian values
Middle Ages or Medieval (300 A.D. - 1300 A.D.) -- spiritual
values
1521 - Cortez conquers Mexico
1523 (first school in North America
founded by de Gante)
Renaissance (1300-1600) - rise of the middle class, rote to
note
Protestant Reformation late 1400's- mid 1600's --
intellectual, rise of the middle class, universal education
Age of Realism (1600-1700)
1640 - Bay Psalm Book printed
1698 - Bay Psalm Book 9th edition,
contained printed notation
Age of Enlightenment (late 1600's-1700)
Age of Progress (1700-1800)
1770 - Handel's Messiah first performed in
the US
1787 - Northwest Ordinance
1820 - Common schools established
1832 - The Boston Academy established
1861-1864 - Civil War
1866 - US Department of Edcuation established
Rationales Throughout History
Hebrews - considered music a service to
God; universal participation; Moses - the first true music
educator; responsorial singing
Greeks - more intellectual, secular look at life,
central organizing government
Plato (427-347 B.C.) - music is valuable
to help shape individual character and develop personal
tastes; balanced education; arts not suitable for intense
study, especially for leaders
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) - music was
important to a certain extent. Professional musicians were
looked down upon
Romans - Utilitarian views, for
entertainment, patriotism; musicians were sometimes slaves
Musicians are professionals. Competitions and festivals
Important Publications (Texts)
De Musica written by St. Agustine - reviewed Greek
musical practices and theory and merged them with the
Christian doctorine. Music is important, but it shouldn't
become too emotional. Laid the foundation for church
education that goes on for century.
De Institutione Musica by Boethius -- music is
important only to an intellectual standpoint; music not
through the senses but through the faculty of reason;
mathematical proportions
Dialogue de musica by Odo -- first to use alphabet
names to name music notes
Micrologus by Guido - music theory in addition to
creativity and sensitivity
The Book of Common Prayer Noted (1550) by Marbecke
Bay Psalm Book (1640) -
9th edition (1698) - first to have music printed
Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes (1721)
by John Tufts - first textbook to teach music reading
Grounds and Rules of Music Explained (1721) by
Thomas Walter - used standard notation
The Easy Instructor (1798) by Little and Smith -
first to have music with american
William Billings (1746-1800) - wrote lots of original
compositions and got his published; f
"Chester"
Pestalozzi - How Gertrude Teaching Teaches Her Children
(1801)
American Elementary Singing Book - first book with
music applying Pestalozzian principles; for children in the
classroom
The Juvenile Lyre - Ives and Mason;
The Manual of Instruction of the Boston Academy of
Music - Mason (plagiarized from Kübler)
Ways music was understood:
Utilitarian
Theoretical
Spritual
People:
1.
Plato
Aristotle's views of music education -
develop taste and for leisure to engage the mind, education
was to make good human beings.
famous text - the Politica
Boethieus -text: De
Institutione Musica - about music theory; music for
intellectual understanding of the elements of music; looked
at music from a practitioner's standpoint
St. Augustine - De
Musica- conflict over the use of emotions in music, we
should study the the intellectual side of music, was a
pagan and became a priest; first Christian viewpoint of
music
Pedro De Gante - Spanish jack of all
trades; opened first school in America in 1523.
The both agreed was important and that it was important to
understand music;
Everything is rote; imitation
Middle Ages
Purpose of music - serve the church
Purpose of music education - to get people to worship
Preists/Clergy teaching trivium (utilitarian
purposes) and quadrivium (nobility of music) =
Seven Liberal Arts
Trivium used music
Cathedral Schools
University
City Schools
School for the wealthy, elite and nobility - private
schools
Education offered and comes from the church; to enrich the
musical aspects of church services and ceremonies
Protestant Reformation - 1517 - Martin Luther's treatise
Music and education for the masses (universal education)
A move to secular music
Age of
Realism
Back to intellectual
Emerging middle class
Education to prepare people for jobs
John Locke - did not value music
7. Why did music education decline at the end of the Greek
and Renaissance? How was music instruction when first
introduced in the New England colonies in America
different?
Music became so far removed of everyday life for the common
man
8. Why did the French (apposed to Spanish) approach to
music education in the 1500s not have any lasting effects
on the development of music education in the New England
colonies.
Pedro deGant
9. Who d
Pilgrims arrived first in about 1620. Were
separatists - left England for Holland, then to US.
Bring no written music, bring Ainsworth's book of Psalms
(no music)
Puritans came from England and other countries around
~1630, Massachusets - to Purify the church of England,
brought Whole Book of Psalms named the Bay Psalm Book
(contained 65 tunes) by Steinhold & Hopkins.
Look for secular values from Europe, but wanted their own
religious views.
11. Contrast the differences in the approach to music
education in the New England Colonies versus the Southern
Colonies.
North
Education for everyone - boys and girls
Singing schools
Densely populated
European trained teachers
Tune book's purpose was to help people sing better
South
Education for children of plantation owners
favored European style music
Slave culture - the have their own music which is an
combination of African and European traditions
More class-based
European trained teachers
12. Describe the Singing School
Tufts - Grounds and Rules, puts a bit of his own music into
the book
Walter -
Little & Smith -
Round notes to shaped
15.
Identifications:
De Musica - book by St.
Augustine; merged Greek musical practices with Christian
doctrine
Guido d'Arezzo - music theorist of the
Medieval era; regarded as the inventor of modern musical
notation that replaced neumatic notation
Pedro De Gante - Spanish jack of all
trades; opened first school in America in 1523.
1521 - Cortez conquers Mexico
1523 (first school in North America
founded by de Gante)
scholae cantorum - singing schools founded
in 4th century by the church to train singers and composer
for the church; curriculum included singing, playing
instruments, composing.
Trivium - grammar, rhetoric, dialect;
lower level; practical education
Quadrivium - arithmetic, music, geometry,
astronomy; higher level; "secrets of the universe"; musica
sonora - related to math; musica discipline - emotions
Martin Luther's effect on music education
- attendance at schools and universities declined;
transformation of education from the church to the state;
believed that education was for the common people, not just
the wealthy; recommended adding music to the curriculum;
philosophy echoed the Greeks, but he was religious and
"Music was for God, not man"
Bay Psalm Book - first book printed in the
English colonies, originally called the Whole Book of
Psalms; printed in 1639; popular in England and America; 70
editions; the 9th edition had printed music in 1698
the "regular way" - reading notation (old way was by rote,
call & response - "lining out")
Tune Books - Sternhold and Hopkins (1562);
comprised of text and collections of music; some included
lesson plans
lining out - aka "the old way"; line of
psalm read by leader, congregation responded
John Tufts - most influential minister;
wrote the first American textbook to solve the problem of
illiteracy; "An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes"
Thomas Walter - "Grounds and Rules of
Music Explained" or "An Introduction to the Art of Singing
by Note"- a manual of singing the regular way (1721)
1640 - Bay Psalm Book printed
1698 (9th edition) - Bay Psalm Book
contained printed music; diamond notes w/ no staff
Massachusetts School Law - Elementary
eduation for boys and girls (1642)
The Easy Instructor - shaped notes,
Ainsworth
Ainsworth Psalter - Pilgrims
brought with to America; contained a majority of the tunes
in New England church music until the late 17th century
William Billings - best known Yankee
composer; wrote the New England Psalm Singer (1770); first
published book of all American music; "Chester"
Andrew Law - music on staff with round
notes, then shaped notes with no staff; the Musical Primer
(1780) used round notes, then shaped notes; "Archdale"
the Boston Academy - first place American
music pedagogy established 1832
5/6/08
Chapter 6/7
Second half of 1700's, First half of 1800's
French Revolution
Gradual move of power to the people, away from monarchy
from church to state - from music education for the few to
the masses, then to both genders
from sacred then to secular & sacred, with secualr
dominates
1776 - Declaration of Independence
1787 - Constitution ratified
1787 - Northwest Ordinance - federal
government involved in education, mandated education for
certain town sizes, land designated for schools, tax
supported schools (voluntary, then mandatory)
Humanism - ability to control your
destiny, degree of happiness based on your intellectual
values,
Locke, Franklin, Rousseau - philosophers
Ben Franklin- Academy- private schools,
for the wealthy,
Thomas Jefferson - American, thinker,
ideas about education, free schools for all, secular, fine
arts included, ideas rejected at first
Horace Mann - businessman and thinker,
education reformer, education for the common child, should
be able to reach full potential, schools should be free,
1820-1840, universal education, curriculum, supportive of
music
1820 - common schools established
Leading kinds of ideas coming from the north, especially
Massachusetts
Philosophers say "power to the people", give them education
to reach their potential, schooling is important
Must work through the ideas of "public school = pauper's
school".
Singing schools a success, help start music in the schools
because they showed that everyone can learn music,
especially children
Johann Pestalozzi, Swiss, Philosopher,
Educator
Text: How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801)
Morality, citizenship,
Relate life activities to education
Education to live the best lives possible at the live the
best lives possible
Nageli and Pfeiffer - Pestalozzian
priciples taught in Europe (1812)
Woodbridge - a geographer, who was one of
the first to suggest music as a regular part of the
curriculum, Saw Nageli teaching using Pestalozzian
principles, brought those ideas back and taught Elam Ives
Elam Ives -
American Elementary Singing Book
- first book with music applying Pestalozzian principles;
for children in the classroom
Lowell Mason - self promoter, composer,
music got published.
The Juvenile Lyre - Ives and
Mason; first popular book
The Hartford Experiment - Ives uses
Pestalozian principles into teaching, (1830), success
unknown - no records exist
Started in Boston, moved to Savannah, Georgia, then back to
Boston
Boston Academy (1832/1833)- large private
community school, promoted the teaching of teachers.
The Manual of Instruction of the Boston Academy of
Music - by Mason (plagiarized from Kübler), shaped
music education for decades
Began the convention movement. First one in Boston
Conventions, Normal institutes, Lyceums
1838, American Musical Convention
5/8/08
Mark, Chapter 8
Birge, 2&3
Late 1700 - 1850
Singing Societies - purpose was to
perform, getting recognition for public performance, become
their own entitiy
Role of singing in the schools - opening
of school activities, recreation
Pestalozzi & Ives
Rationale - morally, intellectually,
physically
Rationale for education - for people to
reach their potential through intellectual development
Rationale for music in the school -
extrinsic values, especially to develop intellectual
The Boston Academy, a community school,
established in 1832, first year 1500 students
1836 - petitions were filed to the Boston school board,
failed.
Try at four schools, asked for the board to fund it, one
school and Mason taught for free (1837) - Hawes schools.
Over 400 students performed publicly with success, then the
board funded it
H.W. Day (a tune-book compiler and singing school master),
criticized Mason, and basically gets Mason fired.
"Magna Charta of Music Education"
- 1838 - first time tax-funded music education is a
curricular subject in a common school (Boston)
What has to be in place to get things started:
• spokesperson to advocate
* value of music
* purposes of music education have to align
* strong church emphasis (esp in the north)
* the public has to be convinced that children can
participate
* independently funded at first (outside funds)
* pedagogy knowledge by teachers (came from Europe)
Each one of these was critical to help get music in the
schools.
Cincinnati - considered "the West", but
really part of the Northwest.
Charles Aiken - outstanding figure in
public school music in Cincinnati ("the Lowell Mason of
Cincinnati")
wrote texts for elementary
Lowell Mason - first superintendent of
music
Professional orchestra founded in 1895 (officially)
Music education literature
Students should learn to read music before they perform
Rise of the middle class and a secular society
Music in the schools "not real music"
Real music was European music.
Lowell's and other music was not innovative or difficult.
Civil War -1861-1965
2500 kids march at the White House
School grades organized - four stages:
1. primary
2. intermediate
3. grammar
4. high school
Principal European composers during this time:
Haydn 1732-1809
Mozart 1756-1791
Beethoven 1770-1827, Beethoven 1 in 1799
Schubert
Schumann
Chopin
1798 - first marching band performance
Technology - 1815 - Franz metronome
Cotton Gin - Eli Whitney
Boston Massacre - 1770
1773 Boston Tea Party
French & Indian War
George Washington, president
1789-1799 - French
1803 - Louisana purchase
Aiken - Eclectic academy of music
Chapter 9
5/13/08
Rationale for music following the Civil WarExtrinsic values
- moral (Developing the complete character), intellectual,
physical
Greek, Pestalozzi, Naegli, Mason
Music during the Civil War - music for
patriotism (not in schools)
Music Post Civil War (1860's-1880's)
Music - scientific approach because of the industrial
revolution, a European tradition, teaching the elements of
how to read music (intellectual)
Symbol before sound
Grades 1 thru 8 (Grammar school was grades 1-4, 5-8
elementary
Public performances show off the value of music - advocate
for music education
During industrial revolution promoted music because they
were so busy with work, but needed music for personal time
Content of music education - a tug between rote instruction
and note instruction.
Early role of the music specialists; a shortage of teachers
Textbooks (see list)
Females dominated music education in the later 1800s. Males
are the ones writing the texts
High schools - second half of the 1800s
developed, by 1860 only 350 HS, music = singing
Child-centered education:
Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel - influenced by Pestalozzi
invented kindergarten, learn through playing (discovery
learning)
Parker -
Hall
Educational psychology -
Survey - music instruction has increased, but still not
widely accepted
5/15/2008
Different
types of organizations:
Established in the Mid 1800s, most after the
Civil War
Professional Education
Associations
National Teachers Association, NTA (1857)
- first one, developed to influence the federal government,
helped the establishment of the U.S. Department of
Education (1866) with the help of James A.
Garfield
Music Teachers National Association, MTNA
(1876) - a voice for private teachers,
National Education Association, NEA (1879)
- for classroom teachers, improve the quality of education,
Department of Music Education within NEA (1883), became a
union in 1970
Education
Unions
American Federation of Teachers, AFT
Administrator
Associations
American Association of School Administrators, AASA(1932)
National Association of Secondary School Principals
National Association of Elementary School Principals
Accrediting
Agencies
NCATE - National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher
Education (1927)
NASM - National Association of Schools of Music (1924)
Oberlin - first music degrees - 1922
Julia Ettice Crane - first to offer music supervisor
training, Potsdam, 1884
Value of
professional associations.
Validity - we are professionals and teach
a valid subject
Advocacy - organize and unify with one
common voice
Curricular - helps keep music a part of
the standard curriculum
Evaluation and Advancement - keeps us on
track for the future
Raises the standard of teaching - through
national networking
Raises the profile of the teacher which helps teacher do a
better job, which helps the profession
5/20/08
Chapter 11:
Music teachers aren't looked as equals (professionally)
because of their dual-role as musician and teacher. There
aren't enough schools for training.
1906 - first meeting of MSNC in Keokuk.
Curriclulum, teacher training, status of the school music
programs, uniqueness (separation from NEA?), singing, mass
meal
1923 Scopes trial - said it was ok to teach evolution into
the schools
1924 - flue epi
5/22/08
1857- Boston had instrumental music
1897 - England, Maidstone - lots of violin
1900-1920
Reasons for growth of instrumental
* Progressive education philosophy - reach potential, child
based, learn by doing
* Instrumental music provided another way to study music,
socialization, building character, make good choices
* The high schools were starting - students taking private
lessons knew how to play
* MSNC Conference performance by Joseph Maddy's orchestra
* Instrument companies want to sell instruments.
* Patriotism - built bands
* After WWI, verterans became teachers and performers
* in the 10's and 20's there was money to spend (good
economy)
* Contest - manufacturers started contests, could bring
recognition to a particular school (1920's)
* 1926 - National School Band Association. Conte
* 1928 - First statewide competition, 1929 - First National
competition
* Rural schools consolidated
* Colleges are training teachers
* NASM - founded mid 1928's
* Professional music organizations founded (
* Method books (homogenous and heterogenous classes)
* Charles Farnsworth went to England
* Albert Mitchell goes and comes back starting violin for
free, which grew, and became the FIRST instrumental music
teacher, writes a method book
* Joseph Maddy - The Universal Teacher, first
instrumental music supervisor
Decline of Concert Bands:
* Orchestras most popular, playing European
classical music
* Great depression
* Radio broadcasts, automobile,
* Jazz
* Music memory contests (actual repertoire) or music
discrimination (style, genre, composer) contests, became
overly commercialized and revolt
MTDmarketing.com - get data on music